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Banques Centrales

Dimanche 31 juillet 2005 7 31 /07 /2005 00:00

 

 

 


The maestro's message



More of the same from the chairman of the Fed



ALAN GREENSPAN is expected to retire as chairman of the Federal Reserve on January fist next year. If so, the speeches he gave on July 20th and 21st (the second after The Economist went to press) will be the last of his so-called "Humphrey-Hawkins" testimonies to Congress. These, by tradition though no longer by statute, take place in February and July. The speeches are named for Senator Hubert Humphrey and Representative Augustus Hawkins, lawmakers who thought that the American people had a right to hear what the man who minds their money is thinking. What did they hear this time?

The economic growth which America is enjoying should be sustained, he said on July 20th, and inflation contained. The Fed raised its forecast of core inflation (1.75-2% this year and next, as measured by the price index for core personal-consumption expenditures) and lowered its forecast of growth (3.5% in 2005 and 3.25-3.5% in 2006), but only by a notch. On interest rates, the chairman simply repeated verbatim what the Fed has said for months: rates will rise at  "a pace likely to be measured".


For many Fed-watchers, it is hard to imagine life after Mr Greenspan. But the chairman himself worries that investors are taking the future too much for granted. They seem sure, for example, that his inflation-fighting spurs will fit comfortably on the heels of his successor. And judging by the price investors are willing to pay for options contracts, which thrive on volatility, they also expect a period of calm in markets for stocks and bonds.


Confident of a tranquil future, investors have been happy to "reach out to more distant time horizons",. Mr Greenspan said. They seem willing to buy long-term instruments without much compensation for the extra uncertainty the far future holds. This fall in the so-called "term premium", Mr Greenspan suggested, may be one reason why long-term interest rates have failed to follow his cues. Yields on ten-year Treasuries were higher in the spring of 2004, before he started raising short-term rates, than they are now, nine rate hikes later.


Because borrowing remains so cheap, the housing market in some regions is now charged with "speculative fervour", Mr Greenspan said. It is not a bubble, please understand, but "froth", which one popular dictionary defines as a collection of. small bubbles, rather than one big one. But
froth, another source points out, can also mean the "foamy slaver sometimes accompanying disease or exhaustion." The prospect that exhaustion might eventually strike overstretched households is still the chief worry hanging over the American economy. Personal saving fell to just 0.5% of disposable income in April and May, the Fed says. Over the past two decades, it has averaged ten times that.

 
From time to time, the Fed will tempt people to do imprudent things, such as spending too much or saving too little, for the good of the economy as a whole. Easy credit was part of a deliberate, and largely successful, strategy to pull the economy out of the 2001 recession. But it has now developed its own momentum, pushed along by factors no one, not even the chairman, fully understands. It is long-term bond yields, and the mortgage rates allied to them, that give the economy its tempo. After almost 18 years in office, the monetary maestro seems to have lost control over these members of his orchestra.

 

 

 

Par Pancho Villa - Publié dans : Banques Centrales
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Lundi 1 août 2005 1 01 /08 /2005 00:00





Mio caro Antonio Sazio,
















...lo so che ti trovi oggi in una situazione assai difficile per via del caso BPI/BA ma posso dirti che ti capisco. Il problema è che tu vuoi ad ogni costo rinforzare il settore bancario italiano attraverso fusioni inter-italiane per poter piu facilmente far fronte alle OPA straniere europee. Ma cosi, non fai che schivare i problemi strutturali esistenti (e perchè non l'hai fatto prima?). Se non c'è dialogo (tra le banche e dunque la politica), non c'è scambio di informazioni, se non c'é scambio di informazioni, non ci sono fusioni, se non ci sono fusioni, c'è individualismo, c'è individualismo, c'è debolezza, c'è debolezza ci sono OPA.

Ma mi pongo la domanda se si puo veramente vantaggiare le banche italiane in un mercato libero comune che esiste da anni, dove piu o meno tutte le altre banche si sono messe, da un punto di vista nazionale d'accordo salvo quelle italiane? Questa OPA da parte della ABNA, è piu che legale, e se ci sono ostacoli, non c'è volontà. Non, c'è volontà, che cosa c'è allora? Paura? Paura di chè? Benvenuto nel mercato comune europeo, Sazio.   



Auguri
Pancho







Par Pancho Villa - Publié dans : Banques Centrales
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Mardi 13 décembre 2005 2 13 /12 /2005 12:36



If, If, If....

 




From The Economist:

 


'...If the “saving glut” really is here to stay, there are two main possibilities. The first is that America's consumers will continue to barrel along and the imbalances between America and the rest of the world will increase further. The second is that Americans themselves will start saving again, perhaps because the housing market falters.... With the rest of the world still determined to save too, that would send the global economy into a tailspin.... '

 



From the RGE Monitor:

 


'...Bernanke -- correctly -- identifies the origins of the world's excess savings in the world's emerging economies. Europe may be stagnant, but European savings more or less match European investment, particularly if you take Eastern Europe into account. Parts of East Asia may be booming, but the booming bits of East Asia (China) still save more that they invest. In the rest of East Asia, there is not so much of a savings glut as an investment dearth; investment fell after the 97-98 crisis, and savings has yet to fall commensurately. The real beneficiaries of China's boom -- the world's commodity exporters -- have generally tended to save rather than spend their windfall. ...'

 

 

 


 


Supposons que cette théorie soit effectivement exacte, alors la poitique étrangère (ah bon, ils font de la politique étrangère maintenant, tiens ca c'est nouveau) des E.U. n'est vraiment, mais vraiment pas propice à la stimulation de la consommation mondiale...!

Les gens n'épargnent pas par plaisir mais parce qu'ils ont les 'jetons' !


 


 


 

 


 

Par Pancho Villa - Publié dans : Banques Centrales
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Jeudi 15 décembre 2005 4 15 /12 /2005 14:46




Mio caro Sazio,


...è da lungo tempo che non ti ho più scritto una lettera e visto che ho un pò di tempo libero colgo questa occasione per farmi di nuovo vivo.

Sai, ieri ho guardato una trasmissione su Canale 5 che si chiama "Matrix", lo stesso nome di quel film girato con Keanu Reeves nel ruolo di "Neo" (Però quì penso che il ruolo principale sia stato piuttosto attribuito a Berlusconi), e posso solamente dirti che non ho capito un c...o di quel che è stato detto.

Non posso far a meno che acettare quel che ha detto quel professore: ".blah, blah, blah ...completo fallimento della politica italiana (eh già, un posto a vita non può che esistere in Italia)"


Mà, fa niente, sai, l'Italia essendo di natura un pò caotica è sempre stata capace di mettere del ordine nella sua casa (anche se i danni causati finora sono enormi)

E per questo ti dedico ste tre canzoni:

 


primaseconda e qui, ...la terza...


 




Auguri, buon natale e felice anno nuovo

Pancho Villa

Par Pancho Villa - Publié dans : Banques Centrales
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Vendredi 16 décembre 2005 5 16 /12 /2005 13:22






P.S.: P.-V. se définit aussi comme eux (Blanchard-Giavazzi) c.à.d. 2/3-1/3



P.P.S.:La pure philosophie et application 'monétariste' est trop 'pragmatique' et beaucoup trop simpliste!!!!





La BCE sur le mauvais chemin
(Traduction partielle de P.-V.)

  


Olivier Blanchard and Francesco Giavazzi



La Banque centrale européenne a decide que des taux d'intérêts plus élevés constituent la réponse appropriée à la hausse du prix du pétrole. La BCE risque donc de se retrouver coincée, car la logique derrière la hausse des taux d'intérêts de cette semaine implique que d'autres hausses vont suivre : une série d'erreurs en perspective qui peut coûter cher aux économies de la zone euro.

Malgré les affirmations du contraire, aucune banque centrale, y compris la BCE, ne peut se contenter de s'occuper de l'inflation et ignorer ce qui se passe dans le reste de l'économie. Imaginons, juste pour l'exemple, que la stabilité des prix ne puisse être assurée qu'au prix d'un taux de chômage de 30%. Il est certain que personne, y compris la BCE, ne le souhaiterait.

Les défenseurs de la BCE diront qu'une telle issue est purement hypothétique, et qu'elle est même déplacée, car il n'existe pas d'opposition entre la stabilisation de l'inflation et l’ activité économique. La stabilité des prix, diront-ils , réduit les incertitudes, et par conséquent permet aux entreprises et aux individus de prendre les bonnes décisions. Elle s'avère donc positive, pas négative, pour l'activité économique.

Ce raisonnement est correct la plupart du temps. Mais pas tout le temps. Lorsqu'une économie affronte un choc de grande ampleur, comme une brusque augmentation du prix du pétrole, stabiliser l'inflation et maintenir l'activité économique rentrent en conflit, et le travail de la banque centrale s’avere moins evident.

Que signifie la stabilisation de l'inflation dans un tel contexte? Les entreprises répercutent les coûts accrus de l'énergie en augmentant leurs prix. En réaction a ces augmentations de prix, il est naturel pour les salariés de demander une augmentation de leurs salaires. Si la banque centrale veut éviter toute augmentation de l’inflation, elle doit s'assurer que l'effet du “premier round” de l'augmentation des prix de l'énergie sur l'inflation ne viendra pas alimenter de tels effets de “second round” sur les salaires.

Dans un environnement où les gains de productivité et l'augmentation des salaires sont déjà tres faibles, comme c'est le cas en Europe aujourd'hui, obtenir des travailleurs qu’ils renoncent a toute augmentation de salaire risque d’etre tres difficile Pour atteindre son but en termes d'inflation, la BCE risque de devoir augmenter considerablement le chomage.

Y a-t-il une meilleure façon de répondre à un tel choc? La réponse de la théorie monétaire est “oui” : ce qu’il faut faire, c’est de permettre une répercussion partielle de la hausse des prix sur les salaires (pour que les salaires s'adaptent plus progressivement), tout en restant clair sur le fait que les objectifs d’inflation a moyen terme sont inchanges. Une telle politique limite l'augmentation du chômage, au prix d'une inflation plus haute qui ne sera que temporaire.

Alors, pourquoi la BCE prend-elle des mesures plus dures ? Vraisemblablement pour trois raisons :

La premiere est que, pour l'instant, la pression sur les salaires est faible. La BCE ne pense donc pas forcément avoir a augmenter considerablement les taux d'intérêts pour contenir l'inflation. Si ce scénario a lieu, l'impact sur l'activité économique et l'emploi sera minimal.

Cependant, il y a de bonnes raisons de penser que ce scenario est trop optimiste. Ce que nous voyons en Europe aujourd'hui est sans doute plutot un retard d’ajustement que l'acceptation passive des réductions des salaires réels par les travailleurs. La BCE ne devrait pas se faire d’illusions et penser qu'une augmentation limitee des taux d'intérêts suffira. Il y a une bonne chance que pour rester fidèle à sa parole, la BCE soit obligée d'augmenter bien davantage ses taux d'intérêts qu'elle ne l'envisage aujourd'hui.

La deuxième raison est que, si la BCE reste ferme, les travailleurs n'exigeront pas une augmentation des salaires nominaux, car ils comprendront que cela ne pourrait déboucher que sur des taux d'intérêts plus élevés et un plus fort taux de chômage.

Ce raisonnement contient une part de verite: la politique monétaire a probablement un impact sur la négociation des salaires. Mais il ne faut pas trop attendre d'une position ferme de la BCE. Pensez au succès limité qu'elle a remporté lorsqu'elle prêchait une plus grande souplesse du marché du travail : le moins que l’on puisse dire est que le rythme des réformes n'a pas connu d'augmentation impressionnante.

La troisième raison est qu'une inflation plus élevée mettrait en danger la crédibilité de la BCE. Cette raison est, elle aussi, valable : il est de fait essentiel qu’une inflation plus élevée aujourd'hui ne change pas les perspectives de l'inflation à moyen terme.

Adopter la politique appropriée demanderait que la BCE s’explique avec beaucoup de soin. Dans ce domaine, elle peut s'inspirer de ses homologues britannique et américain : la crédibilité ne demande pas de dogmatisme, mais plutôt un objectif clair.

Les enjeux sont trop importants pour être ignorés. En suivant le cours de sa politique actuelle, à moins que le prix du baril ne chute, la BCE risque de se voir obligée d'augmenter les taux d'intérêts de façon substantielle, ce qui provoquera une augmentation du taux de chômage de la zone euro...

 

 

 

 



Par Pancho Villa - Publié dans : Banques Centrales
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Mardi 27 décembre 2005 2 27 /12 /2005 15:06







Is that your key message as Europe’s chief guardian of the currency?



That, together with the call that we use the successes of the past 50 years to derive enough energy for the future, so that we take all the opportunities that the world is now offering us. That’s certainly not simple, but it will be worthwhile. Imagine yourself now telling the founding fathers of Europe that well, we’re now 25 nations in the European Union with 459 million people and a parliament elected jointly by all the people of those countries. That we have a Court of Justice, which creates jurisprudence all over the Union and that we have a single currency for 311 million people! Jean Monnet would without a doubt be totally amazed! We have still a lot to do but in a historical perspective there is a lot to be proud of.
 
Recently you engaged actively in learning German. Can one understand the soul of a nation only through its language?

Well, at least it’s extraordinarily helpful. The structure of a language also reveals patterns of argument. It’s no coincidence that numerous great philosophers are Germans. Their language is well suited to profound thoughts. As a language it is certainly suited to personal reflection and meditation, perhaps over and above than simple communication.


It is to be hoped that ‘angst’ does not become your favourite German word.

Trichet: (laughs) No, certainly not, and neither will ‘nightmare’.





"  Qui va à la chasse,  aura la ...chia..."




La Repubblica du 27.12.2005:


'...Inglese potenziato. Dopo la protesta dei 13 mila insegnanti di seconda Lingua straniera (soprattutto Francese, ma anche Spagnolo e Tedesco) e le contestazioni degli esperti dello stasso monistero dell'Istruzione, la Moratti ha dovuto fare un passo indietro. La possibilità (introdotta ad ottobre nel decreto legislativo sul secondo ciclo) offerta alle famiglie dei ragazzini della scuola media di utilizzare anche il monte ore (66 l'anno) della seconda lingua comunitaria per incrementare quello dell'Inglese (che attualmente può contare su 87 ore in un anno) per il prossimo anno è stata messa da parte. Il tono del provvedimento lascia intendere che la questione è stata solo spostata in avanti di un anno. Con buona pace - se questo dovesse avvenire - di tutte le indicazioni formative della stessa Comunità europea. Ma la polemica è destinata a non fermarsi qui. ...'










Par Pancho Villa - Publié dans : Banques Centrales
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Jeudi 2 février 2006 4 02 /02 /2006 20:47


Greenspan signs up to UK Treasury



'...Mr Greenspan will advise the UK on global economic change
Former US central bank chief Alan Greenspan has agreed to become an honorary adviser to the UK Treasury.

The announcement by Chancellor Gordon Brown came less than seven hours after Mr Greenspan's near 19-year tenure as Federal Reserve chairman ended.

Mr Brown said his new adviser would help the Treasury in the UK develop its thinking in areas relating to global economic change.

Mr Greenspan has also launched a new consulting firm, Greenspan Associates....'






Par Pancho Villa - Publié dans : Banques Centrales
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Jeudi 9 février 2006 4 09 /02 /2006 20:33




'...Former Federal Reserve Chairman Alan Greenspan ... was back to his old tricks of moving financial markets ... At a Tuesday night gathering hosted by Lehman Brothers Holdings Inc. for a handful of key clients, including some of the largest hedge funds, Greenspan held court on the economy and interest rates... Greenspan said that the changes wrought by globalization and the effects -- low long-term interest rates -- are a challenge to the Fed, necessitating more increases in short-term interest rates than are currently reflected in market prices....'






'Pancho Villa pense que 'ca !' (voir en bas) c'est beaucoup plus important dans ce jeu, car 'TOUT' le monde pourrait savoir jouer':

Des 'COMMUNISTES!?'

(Non,des personnes qui savent qu'il y a des personnes qui ont ete 'perdu de vue...')





'...Les Restos du Cœur (ou Les Restaurants du Coeur) se composent d'une association nationale française et de 113 associations départementales. Leur but est de distribuer de la nourriture aux pauvres....'







Par Pancho Villa - Publié dans : Banques Centrales
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Mardi 18 avril 2006 2 18 /04 /2006 02:02


ECB to advise Gulf states on monetary union

By Ralph Atkins in Frankfurt and Mark Schieritz in Bahrain





ECB buildingGulf states are turning to the European Central Bank for help in planning a possible monetary union.


The ECB will work with the Gulf Cooperation Council on a blueprint for currency union that is likely to draw lessons from the successful launch of the euro in 1999.

“We have worked closely with the ECB on different occasions. We are now looking at implementation issues,” said Abdul Rahman Saif, an executive director at the Bahrain Monetary Authority. The ECB, however, is likely to steer clear of any political decisions associated with the Gulf move.

The Frankfurt-based institution acts as a central bank for 12 European countries, although it draws on the resources of still-existing national central banks.

Since its creation, the ECB has sought to increase its international role, most recently by calling for greater influence at the International Monetary Fund in Washington. The Gulf initiative would build on previous “foreign policy” initiatives, such as helping the Russian authorities on banking supervision issues. The ECB is advising Egyptian authorities, also on bank supervision.

Asked by the FT, an ECB spokesman confirmed that “a memorandum of understanding between the ECB and GCC is being prepared and is likely to be signed within a few weeks”.

The GCC plans to introduce a single currency in its six member states – Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates by 2010. Work has started on setting “convergence criteria” but many decisions remain, including the location of a new central bank.

The ECB’s role in the Gulf could be significant in financial markets if it resulted in the euro playing a more prominent role in the region’s reserve policy.








La toute deuxieme 'forme d'union' c'est l'union monetaire! (mais bon, faut pas oublier que c'est pas 'donne' ni totalement 'aquis')


Cette 'union' que Gamal Abdel a tant voulue...(en n'ayant pas a utiliser la 'for..'?)... tandis que "l'autre'" est bel et bien en train d'atteindre son 'but'...




Par Pancho Villa - Publié dans : Banques Centrales
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Samedi 29 avril 2006 6 29 /04 /2006 13:10


Will the U.S. Trade Deficit End Badly?



In today's NY Times, Paul Krugman renews his prediction that we are heading for a crisis:

...the answer to the question, "Why haven't we paid a price for our trade deficit?" is, just you wait.

On the other hand, in a new NBER working paper, Sebastian Edwards says that this outcome, while possible, is unlikely:


"In this paper I use a large multi-country data set to analyze the determinants of abrupt and large “current account reversals.” The results from a variance-component probit model indicate that the probability of experiencing a major current account reversal is positively affected by larger current account deficits, lower prices of exports relative to imports, and expansive monetary policies. On the other hand, this probability is lower for more advanced countries, and for countries with flexible exchange rates. An analysis of the marginal effects of current account deficits and of the predicted probability of reversal indicates that both have increased significantly for the U.S. since 1999. However, the level of this probability is still on the low side. I estimate that the predicted probability of a current account reversal in the U.S. has increased from 1.7% in 1999, to 14.9% in 2006."



Reponse de Paolo:
 

‘The closest any paper in the recent Brookings symposium comes to addressing that question is Ewards (2005), whose view is echoed less clearly in a number of discussions. The basic idea can be summarized as follows: there has been an upward shift in the proportion of U.S. assets that foreign investors want to hold in their portfolios. As long as foreign investors are still in the process of moving to this new, higher share of dollars in their wealth, their actions generate a large capital flow into the United States. But the capital flows needed to maintain an increased dollar share in portfolios are much smaller than those required to achieve that share. So once the desired holdings of U.S. assets have been achieved, the argument goes, capital flows into the United States will drop off sharply, leading to an abrupt decline in both the current account deficit and in the dollar.
There are a number of questions we could raise about this story, but one that seems particularly germane is that of expectations: won’t investors see this coming? If they do, the dynamics will be very different. The initial shift into dollars, and hence initial capital inflows, will be damped be expectations of future depreciation. On the other hand, capital inflows will be sustained much longer, because dollar assets will become more attractive over time as the dollar drops toward its long-run sustainable level, reducing the need for further depreciation. So the whole process will be smoothed out. In fact, that’s the adjustment process described by another paper in the same conference. Blanchard, Giavazzi and Sa (2005), which does not imply a dollar plunge. So to get the kind of sudden stop envisaged by Edwards and others, investors must be myopic: they must fail to understand the unsustainability of the current exchange rate. ‘





Reponse de P.-V.:





P.-V. pense que les deux scenarios sont possibles. Lequel va effectivement etre l'objet de la realite, il ne le sait pas (Nul n'est prophete en son pays?), cela etant dit, la reaction sur les marches peut etre donc de nature collective ou bien individuelle...et ce qui va jouer un role preponderant, a son avis,  est l'evolution des reactions des instituts monetaires etrangers en fonction du temps...(qui est d'ailleurs, a nouveau, fonction de x-> ∞ parametres, mais laissons 'ceux-ci' a part, afin de simplifier le tout en creant ainsi une base comune homogene).




Explications 'mathematiques?': ( des pensees de P.-V.)


        
            RD1 (BC1; t0) = X          avec

       RD1 (BC1;t0+n) = X = const.
  
        RD2 (BC2; t1) = Y         avec
         RD2 (BC2; t1+n) = Y = const.

RD3 (BC3; t2) = Z  avec
         RD3 (BC3; t2+n) = Z = const.

 RD4 (BC4; t3) = W avec
          RD4 (BC4; t3+n) = W = const.

RD5...etc.

RD6...etc.

etc.

etc.






si (t1 - t0 -> 0; t2 - t1 -> 0; t3 - t2 -> 0; t4 - t3 -> 0; t5 - t4 -> 0 ou bien en resume, tm - t0 -> 0)




alors 'hard landing'  (reaction en chaine collective et 'irrationelle?')



si (t1 >> t0; t2 >> t1; t3 >> t2; t4 >> t3; t5 >> t4; etc. etc. ou bien en resume, tm >>> t0)



alors 'soft landing'  (reaction controlee individuelle 'rationelle?')



avec

RD := Reserves en Dollars
BC := Banque Centrale
t := temps


Autrement dit, si c'est ca: 'Dans la musique classique (economie?), un chef d'orchestre (la main invisible?, Dieu?) est chargé de coordonner le jeu des musiciens de l'orchestre, en collaboration avec le premier violon. Sa tâche consiste, sur le volet technique, à rendre cohérent le jeu de l'ensemble des musiciens par sa gestuelle, notamment en leur imposant un rythme commun.' alors 'hard landing' et si c'est le contraire alors 'soft landing'...



ce n'est pas pour rien que:



'Autant l'union fait la force? (globalisation 'anarchisee' oblige?), autant la discorde expose à une prompte défaite.'

Esope









et dans



'The Economist' du 29 avril 2006:

'The case for a second Plaza agreement rests on game theory as much as macroeconomics. What is rational for each country acting unilaterally might not be best were all to act in concert. In a recent paper William Cline of the IIE argues that the countries of emerging Asia in particular are trapped in a prisoner's dilemma. They are afraid of floating freely against the dollar becaus ethey want to remain competitive against each other (?????si (t1 - t0 -> 0; t2 - t1 -> 0; t3 - t2 -> 0; t4 - t3 -> 0; t5 - t4 -> 0 ou bien en resume, tm - t0 -> 0)????, vous vous souvenez?), as well as against America. As a result, no single country will let its cuurency strenghten (?) much, unless they all raise (fall?) together. If Mr Cline had his way, China's yuan would appreciate by more than 40 % against the dollar (RD1 (BC1; t0) = X avec
RD1 (BC1;t0+n) = X = const.)
in real terms - a huge jump. But if the currencies of all China's trading partners (!) were to strenghten against the greenback at the same time, the yuan's trade-weighted value would increase by little more than 8 % (Hmmm?), he says.

If the dollar were to fall, America's overspending government would have to make way, Mr Cline argues. A cheaper dollar would boost demand for America's exports. To stop this extra demand from stoking inflation, America's government would need to tighten its own belt, much as promised to do in 1985.' ...





 
Par Pancho Villa - Publié dans : Banques Centrales
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